El manejo emocional en maestros, un análisis desde la experiencia
DOI
10.22550/2174-0909.4043
Abstract
This research article analyses the emotional management of 46 teachers in the department of Boyacá (Colombia) according to their level of professional teaching experience, from the theoretical perspective of Mayer and Salovey’s emotional skills. It uses a descriptive- comparative process with different perspectives across three stages: quantitative, qualitative and mixed. It also utilizes the MSCEIT emotional intelligence questionnaire, a semi-structured interview, and an observational analysis. The results show competent development of teachers’ emotional skills, but with statistically significant differences in emotional management by experience. The teachers also mention in their narratives that the emotional management that occurs in school interactions and in the educational process has two facets: difficulties and positive emotional management. Similarly, the gestures that are part of non-verbal emotional communication that supports this skill are established. Therefore, it is concluded that emotional management as a skill decreases as experience increases, given that emotional experiences in the classroom generate stress, emotional exhaustion, and even leaving the profession.
Financiación | Funding
This research in the emotions and education line by the Cacaenta research group was funded by the Vice-Rectorate for Research and Extension of the Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia.
Referencias | References
Akın, U., Aydın, İ., Erdoğan, Ç., & Demirkasımoğlu, N. (2014). Emotional labor and burnout among Turkish primary school teachers. The Australian Educational Researcher, 41 (2), 155-169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13384-013-0138-4
Albrecht, S. L., & Marty, A. (2020). Personality, self-efficacy and job resources and their associations with employee engagement, affective commitment and turnover intentions. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 31 (5), 657-681. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1362660
Álvarez-Gayou, J. L. (2003). Cómo hacer investigación cualitativa. Fundamentos y metodología [How to do qualitative research. Fundamentals and methodology]. Paidós
Anguera, M. T., Blanco-Villaseñor, A., Losada, J. L., & Sánchez-Algarra, P. (2020). Integración de elementos cualitativos y cuantitativos en metodología observacional [Integration of qualitative and quantitative elements in observational methodology]. Ámbitos. Revista Internacional de Comunicación, (49), 49-70. https://doi.org/10.12795/Ambitos.2020. i49.04
Aragundi, T. J., & Coronel, M. A. (2023). Socio-emotional skills of the teacher of the educational unit 3 de Mayo during the Covid-19 pandemic. Estudios del Desarrollo Social-Cuba y America Latina, 11 (3), 35-48.
Augusto-Landa, J. M., López-Zafra, E., & Pulido-Martos, M. (2011). Inteligencia emocional percibida y estrategias de afrontamiento al estrés en profesores de enseñanza primaria: propuesta de un modelo explicativo con ecuaciones estructurales (SEM) [Perceived emotional intelligence and stress coping strategies in primary school teachers: Proposal for an explanatory model with structural equation modelling (SEM)]. Revista de psicología social, 26 (3), 413-425. https://doi.org/10.1174/021347411797361310
Benevene, P., De Stasio, S., & Fiorilli, C. (2020). Well-being of school teachers in their work environment. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, e1239. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01239
Birol, C., Atamtürk, H., Silman, F., Atamtürk, A. N., & Şensoy, Ş. (2009). A comparative analysis of teachers’ perceptions of emotional intelligence and performance management in the secondary schools of the TRNC. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,
1 (1), 2600-2605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2009.01.459
Braun, S. S., Schonert-Reichl, K. A., & Roeser, R. W. (2020). Effects of teachers’ emotion regulation, burnout, and life satisfaction on student well-being. Revista de psicología del desarrollo aplicada, 69, 101151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2020.101151
Buitrago, R. E. (2012). Contexto escolar e inteligencia emocional en instituciones educativas públicas del ámbito rural y urbano del departamento de Boyacá (Colombia) [School context and emotional intelligence in public educational institutions in rural and urban areas of the department of Boyacá (Colombia)] [Doctoral Dissertation]. Universidad de Granada. http://hdl.handle.net/10481/23259
Buitrago, R. E. (2022). Intranquilidad por algunos aspectos de la educación en Colombia [Unrest over some aspects of education in Colombia ] [Editorial]. Praxis & Saber, 13 (35), e16212. https://doi.org/10.19053/22160159.v13.n35.2022.16212
Buitrago-Bonilla, R. E., & Cárdenas-Soler, R. N. (2017). Emociones e identidad profesional docente: relaciones e incidencia [Emotions and teachers’ professional identity: Relations and incidence]. Praxis & Saber, 8 (17), 225-247. https://doi.org/10.19053/22160159.v8.n17.2018.7208
Burić, I., & Kim, L. E. (2020). Teacher self-efficacy, instructional quality, and student motivational beliefs: An analysis using multilevel structural equation modeling.. Learning and Instruction, 66, e101302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2019.101302
Casacchia, M., Cifone, M. G., Giusti, L., Fabiani, L., Gatto, R., Lancia, L., Cinque, B., Petrucci, C., Giannoni, M., Ippoliti, R., Frattaroli, A., Macchiarelli, G., & Roncone,
R. (2021). Distance education during Covid 19: An Italian survey on the university teachers’ perspectives and their emotional conditions. BMC medical education, 21 (1),
1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021- 02780-y
Castro-Paniagua, W., Chávez-Epiquén, A., & Arévalo-Quijano, J. C. (2023). Inteligencia emocional: asociación con las emociones negativas y desempeño laboral en personal docente universitario [Emotional intelligence: Association with negative emotions and job performance in university teachers]. Revista Electrónica Educare, 27 (1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.15359/ree.27-1.14391
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2002). Bases de la investigación cualitativa, técnicas y procedimientos para desarrollar la teoría fundamentada. Editorial Universidad de Antioquia.
Creamer, E. G., & Reeping, D. (2020). Advancing mixed methods in psychological research. Methods in Psychology, 3, 100035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metip.2020.100035
Creswell, J. W., & Garrett, A. L. (2008). The movement of mixed methods research and the role of educators. South African Journal of Education, 28 (3), 321-333. https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v28n3a176
D’Adamo, P., & Lozada, M. (2019). Una intervención centrada en prácticas de atención plena (mindfulness) promueve la regulación emocional y la reducción del estrés en profesores [An intervention based in mindfulness practices promotes emotion regulation and stress reduction in teachers]. Ansiedad y Estrés, 25 (2), 66-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anyes.2019.10.002
Darder, P., de Pagès, E., Franco, J. J., Gay, E.I., Gimeno, X., González, M. P., Hernández, M., López, N., Morón, M., Notó, F., Oliver, D., Ramírez, A., Reñé, A., Romero, E., Santos, M. Á., Trabal, A., Valls, C., Belandia, R., Canelles, J., & Carpena, A. (2012). La salud física y emocional del profesorado. Reflexiones y recursos [The physical and emotional health of teachers. Reflections and resources]. Graó.
Donker, M. H., van Vemde, L., Hessen, DJ, van Gog, T., & Mainhard, T. (2021). Observational, student, and teacher perspectives on interpersonal teacher behavior: Shared and unique associations with teacher and student emotions. Aprendizaje e Instrucción, 73, e101414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2020.101414
Ekman, P. (2017). El rostro de las emociones [The face of emotions]. RBA Libros.
Ellison, D., & Mays-Woods, A. (2019). In the face of adversity: four physical educator’s experiences of resilience in high-poverty schools. Physical Education and SportPedagogy, 24 (1), 59-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2018.1536201
Extremera, N., Mérida-López, S., & Sánchez-Álvarez, N. (2020). Inteligencia emocional: avances teóricos y aplicados tras 30 años de recorrido científico [Emotional intelligence: Theoretical and applied advances after 30 years of scientific research]. Know and Share Psychology, 1 (4). https://doi.org/10.25115/kasp.v1i4.4395
Fathi, J., & Derakhshan, A. (2019). Teacher self-efficacy and emotional regulation as predictors of teaching stress: An investigation of Iranian English language teachers. Teaching English Language, 13 (2), 117-143. https://doi.org/10.22132/tel.2019.95883
Frenzel A., Goetz T., Lüdtke O., Pekrun R., & Sutton, R. (2009). Emotional transmission in the classroom: Exploring the relationship between teacher and student enjoyment. Journal of educational psychology, 101 (3), 705-716.
Frenzel, A. C., Becker-Kurz, B., Pekrun, R., Goetz, T., & Lüdtke, O. (2018). Emotion transmission in the classroom revisited: A reciprocal effects model of teacher and student enjoyment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 110 (5), 628-639. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000228
Garner, P. W., Bolt, E., & Roth, A. N. (2019). Emotion-focused curricula models and expressions of and talk about emotions between teachers and young children. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 33 (2), 180-193. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568543.2019.1577772
Goldsmith, H. H., & Davidson, R. J. (2004). Disambiguating the components of emotion regulation. Child development, 75 (2), 361-365. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00678.x
González-Calvo, G., &Arias-Carballal, M. (2017). A teacher’s personal-emotional identity and its reflection upon the development of his professional identity. The Qualitative Report, 22 (6), 1693-1709. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2017.2875
Gray, C., Wright, P., & Pascoe, R. (2019). “They made me feel like a teacher rather than a praccie”: Sinking or swimming in pre-service drama education. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 47 (2), 193-207. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359866X.2018.1504279
Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
Guevara, G. P., Verdesoto, A. E., & Castro, N. E. (2020). Metodologías de investigación educativa (descriptivas, experimentales, participativas, & de investigación-acción) [Educational research methodologies (descriptive, experimental, participatory, and action research)]. Recimundo, 4 (3), 163-173. https://recimundo.com/index.php/es/ article/view/860
Hernández-Amorós, M. J., & Urrea-Solano, M. E. (2017). Working with emo-tions in the classroom: Future teachers’ attitudes and education. ProcediaSocial and Behavioral Sciences, 237 (2), 511–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2017.02.100
Herrera, L., & Buitrago, R. E. (2019). Emociones en la educación en Colombia, algunas reflexiones [Emotions in education in Colombia, some reflections] [Editorial]. Praxis & Saber, 24 (10), 9-22. https://doi.org/10.19053/22160159.v10. n24.2019.10035
Heydarnejad, T., Hosseini Fatemi, A., & Ghonsooly, B. (2017). An exploration of EFL teachers’ teaching styles and emotions. Journal of Applied Linguistics and Language Research, 4 (2), 26-46. https://www.jallr.com/index.php/JALLR/article/view/502
Hoffmann, J. D., Brackett, M. A., Bailey, C. S., & Willner, C. J. (2020). Teaching emotion regulation in schools: Translating research into practice with the RULER approach to social and emotional learning. Emotion, 20 (1), 105-109. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000649
Hopman, J. A. B., Tick, N. T., Van der Ende, J., Wubbels, T., Verhulst, F. C., Maras, A.,
Breeman, L. D., & Van Lier, P. A. C. (2018). Special education teachers’ relationships with students and self-efficacy moderate associations between classroom-level disruptive behaviors and emotional exhaustion. Teaching and Teacher Education, 75, 21-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2018.06.004
Jennings, P., Brown, J. L., Frank, J. L., Doyle, S., Oh, Y., Davis, R., Rasheed, D., DeWeese, A., De Mauro, A., Cham, H., & Greenberg, M. (2017). Impacts of the CARE for teachers program on teachers’ social and emotional competence and classroom interactions. Journal of Educational Psychology, 109, 1010-1028. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000187
Klassen, R. M., & Chiu, M. M. (2011). The occupational commitment and intention to quit of practicing and pre-service teachers: Influence of self-efficacy, job stress, and teaching context. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 36 (2), 114-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2011.01.002
Kobai, R., & Murakami, H. (2021). Effects of interactions between facial expressions and self-focused attention on emotion. PLoS ONE, 16 (12), e0261666. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261666
Koschmieder, C., & Neubauer, A. C. (2021). Measuring emotion regulation for preservice teacher selection: A theory-driven development of a situational judgment test. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, e110363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110363
Kotsou, I., Mikolajczak, M., Heeren, A., Grégoire, J., & Leys, C. (2019). Improving emotional intelligence: A systematic review of existing work and future challenges. Emotion Review, 11 (2), 151-165. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073917735902
Lavy, S., & Eshet, R. (2018). Spiral effects of teachers’ emotions and emotion regulation strategies: Evidence from a daily diary study. Teaching and Teacher Education, 73, 151–161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2018.04.001
Lazarides, R., Gaspard, H., & Dicke, A. L. (2019). Dynamics of classroom motivation: Teacher enthusiasm and the development of math interest and teacher support. Learning and Instruction, 60, 126-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2018.01.012
Mayer, J., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. (2004). Emotional intelligence: Theory, findings, and implications. Psychological Science, 9 (5),331-339.
Miao, C., Humphrey, R., & Qian, S. (2017). A meta-analysis of emotional intelligence and work attitudes. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 90 (2), 177-202. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12167
Mora, N., Martínez-Otero Pérez, V., Santander, S., & Gaeta, M. L. (2022). Inteligencia emocional en la formación del profesorado de educación infantil y primaria [Emotional intelligence in the training of pre-school and primary education teachers]. Perspectiva Educacional, 61 (1), 53-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4151/07189729-vol.61-iss.1-art.1234
Nichols, S. L., Schutz, P. A., Rodgers, K., & Bilica, K. (2017). Early career teachers’ emotion and emerging teacher identities. Teachers and Teaching, 23 (4), 406-421. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2016.1211099
Olivares-Fong, L.C., Nieto-López, G., Velázquez Vitórica, K. I., & López-Guerrero, A. (2021). Síndrome de burnout. La multiplicidad de roles y su impacto en la labor docente [Burnout syndrome. Role multiplicity and their impacton teaching]. Revista Electrónica Interuniversitaria de Formación del Profesorado, 24 (3), 203-219. https://revistas.um.es/reifop/article/view/525231
Ortega, P. (2021). Educación, valores y experiencia [Education, values and experience]. Revista Boletín Redipe, 10 (2), 28-37. https://doi.org/10.36260/rbr.v10i2.1192
Pascual, A., & Conejero, S. (2019). Regulación emocional y afrontamiento: Aproximación conceptual y estrategias [Emotional regulation and coping: Conceptual approach and strategies]. Revista Mexicana de Psicología, 36 (1), 74-83.
Pincay-Aguilar, I., Candelario-Suarez, G., & Castro-Guevara, J. (2018). Inteligencia emocional en el desempeño docente [Emotional intelligence in teaching performance]. Psicología Unemi, 2 (2), 32-40. https://doi.org/10.29076/issn.2602-8379vol2iss2.2018pp32-40p
Pluskota, M., & Zdziarski, K. (2022). Mental resilience and professional burnout among teachers. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 12 (3), 249-267. https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.03.021
Porras, L. T., Buitrago, R. E., & Gutiérrez, A. M. (2020). Comunicación emocional no verbal en la infancia, análisis en el aula desde la metodología observacional [Non-verbal emotional communication in childhood, classroom analysis using observational methodology]. Know and Share Psychology, 1 (4), 211-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/kasp.v1i4.4343
Pulido, O. (2018). ¡Hay que defender la escuela! [The school must be defended!] [Editorial]. Praxis & Saber, 9 (20), 9-14. https://doi.org/10.19053/22160159.v9.n20.2018.8426
Rinner, M. T., Haller, E., Meyer, A. H., & Gloster, A. T. (2022). Is giving receiving? The influence of autonomy on the association between prosocial behavior and well-being. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 24, 120-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.03.011
Salavera, C., Usán, P., Teruel, P., & Antoñanzas, J. L. (2020). Eudaimonic well-being in adolescents: The role of trait emotional intelligence and personality. Sustainability, 12 (7), e2742. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072742
Sánchez-Álvarez, N., Extremera, N., & Fernández-Berrocal, P. (2016). The relation between emotional intelligence and subjective well-being: A meta-analytic investigation. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11 (3), 276-285. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2
Saunders, R. (2013). The role of teacher emotions in change: Experiences, patterns and implications for professional development. Journal of Educational Change, 14 (3), 303-333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10833-012-9195-0
Schoeps, K., Tamarit, A., de la Barrera, U., & Barrón, R. G. (2019). Effects of emotional skills training to prevent burnout syndrome in schoolteachers. Ansiedad y Estrés, 25 (1), 7-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anyes.2019.01.002
Sheppes, G., Scheibe, S., Suri, G., Radu, P., Blechert, J., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Emotion regulation choice: A conceptual framework and supporting evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 143 (1), 163. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030831
Spilt, J. L., Bosmans, G., & Verschueren, K. (2021). Teachers as co-regulators of children’s emotions: A descriptive study of teacher-child emotion dialogues in special education. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 112, e103894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103894
Todorov, A., Olivola, C. Y., Dotsch, R., & MendeSiedlecki, P. (2015). Social attributions from faces: Determinants, consequences, accuracy, and functional significance. Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 519-545. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143831
Vandenbroucke, L., Spilt, J., Verschueren, K., Piccinin, C., & Baeyens, D. (2018). The classroom as a developmental context for cognitive development: A meta-analysis on the importance of teacher–student interactions for children’s executive functions. Review of Educational Research, 88 (1), 125-164. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654317743200
Zabalza, M. A., & Zabalza, M. A. (2012). Profesores y profesión docente. Entre el “ser” y el “estar” [Teachers and the teaching profession. Between “being” and “being”]. Narcea.
Zhao, H. (2021). Positive emotion regulations among English as a foreign language teachers during COVID-19. Frontiers in psychology, 12, e807541. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.807541
Citación recomendada | Recommended citation
Porras-Cruz, L.-T., & Buitrago-Bonilla, R.-E. (2024). Emotional management in teachers, an analysis from experience [El manejo emocional en maestros, un análisis desde la experiencia]. Revista Española de Pedagogía, 82 (288), 291-309. https://doi.org/10.22550/2174-0909.4043
Licencia Creative Commons | Creative Commons License
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
Palabras clave | Keywords
teacher, school, experience, pedagogy, emotional intelligence, emotional management, emotional development, teaching, knowledge, skill, training